Explore Peter Hollindale's claim that Peter Pan 'retains its magical Essay

Investigate Peter Hollindale's case that Peter Pan 'holds its enchanted versatility and its continuous innovation' (Reader 2, p. 1 - Essay Example This dreamland is appropriate to the need which guardians and youngsters have for narrating and creative mind. Another purpose behind the achievement of the play when it initially came out was the delineation of characters who could fly: a specialized accomplishment that additional to the diversion estimation of the play, and roused showmanship like the utilization of a light to portray Tinkerbell. Due to the constraints of the stage a considerable amount was left to the audience’s creative mind. Apparently J.M. Barrie himself was uncertain about the play when it was being composed and practiced, and he habitually changed the content, including names of characters, and subtleties of the plot. (Woodworker and Prichard, p. 405) Some of the characters were drawn from genuine individuals, or in reality creatures, in the author’s own life, for instance his more established sibling who kicked the bucket in a skating mishap and his pet canine who was the motivation for Nana. T he persona of Peter Pan, nonetheless, made Barrie quickly renowned and caught the creative mind of the scholarly world. Similarly as Barrie had adjusted components from his own life history the play, so he later revised components of the play into a novel, and others made movies, kid's shows, and even ballet performances and musicals out of this underlying play. Dwindle Hollindale comments that the play â€Å"retains its supernatural versatility and its on-going innovation (Reader 2, p. 159) and depicts how the character of Peter Pan himself contains unlimited wellsprings of interest. There are components of guiltlessness and immaturity, similar to the pixie dust that makes individuals fly, and a great deal of whimsical bragging yet in addition some more profound mental inclinations that recommend increasingly genuine messages for a grown-up crowd: â€Å"this is a play about the limits among adolescence and adulthood.† (Reader 2, p. 161) There is something disastrous about a kid battling against his fate to grow up and turn into a grown-up, a point not lost on Michael Jackson who named his home â€Å"Neverland† after the Peter Pan’s dreamland. In the play Peter Pan relentlessly opposes any trace of becoming more established, the human youngsters all progressively surrender to their destiny, even to where Wendy no longer has any requirement for Peter and his infantile world. The story works on two levels: the puerile emphasis on ridiculous and incomprehensible things, and the grown-up acknowledgment that it is extremely unlikely to stop the progression of time and the loss of blamelessness. As Hollindale says: â€Å"The play gives a mutual field to kids and adults, energetically living forward and living back.† (Reader 2, p. 161.) The youngsters experience what lies ahead for them, while grown-ups can enjoy some wistfulness for their youth. There is a clouded side to the play, and this can be found in a portion of the fantastical cl arifications that Peter Pan gives with respect to the world he occupies: â€Å"Wendy Where do you live at this point? Subside With the lost young men. Wendy Who right? Dwindle They are the youngsters who drop out of their prams when the medical attendant is looking the other way. On the off chance that they are not guaranteed in seven days they are sent far away to Never Land. I’m captain.† (Peter Pan: 1:1, lines 441-443) This is a sign, maybe, that passing is a definitive method of opposing adulthood, and that Peter Pan in certain regards speaks to the author’s method of working through the loss of his dead more seasoned sibling,

Lady Macbeth,Macbeth and The Witches free essay sample

Woman Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s generally well known and startling female characters. At the point when we first observe her, she is plotting Duncan’s murder, and she is more grounded, progressively merciless, and more yearning than her significant other. She appears to be completely mindful of this and realizes that she should drive Macbeth into submitting murder. This subject of the connection among sexual orientation and force is vital to Lady Macbeth’s character. Woman Macbeth and furthermore the witches are sly women,who utilize female techniques for accomplishing powerâ€that is, manipulationâ€to further their evidently male aspirations. Ladies, the play infers, can be as driven and merciless as men. Woman Macbeth controls her significant other with momentous adequacy, abrogating every one of his protests; when he dithers to kill, she over and over inquiries his masculinity until he feels that he should submit murder to substantiate himself. Woman Macbeth’s wonderful quality of will continues through the homicide of the kingâ€it is she who steadies her husband’s nerves following the wrongdoing has been executed. We will compose a custom article test on Woman Macbeth,Macbeth and The Witches or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A while later, in any case, she starts a moderate slide into madnessâ€just as aspiration influences her more unequivocally than Macbeth before the wrongdoing, so does blame plague her all the more firmly subsequently. By the end of the play, she has been diminished to sleepwalking through the palace, urgently attempting to wash away an undetectable bloodstain. When the feeling of blame raises some ruckus, Lady Macbeth’s affectability turns into a shortcoming, and she can't adapt. Altogether, she executes herself, flagging her absolute powerlessness to manage the heritage of their wrongdoings. Macbeth is one of the most renowned Shakespear’s plays. The character of Macbeth is presented as a bold and able warrior saint. Essentially,he is an individual whose private desire are clarified to the crowd through his asides and solo talks. We understand that his physical boldness is joined by an expending aspiration and a propensity to self-doubtâ€the expectation that he will be top dog brings him bliss, however it likewise makes inward disturbance. These three attributesâ€bravery, aspiration, and self-doubtâ€struggle for authority of Macbeth all through the play. Shakespeare utilizes Macbeth to show the horrendous impacts that desire and blame can have on a man who needs quality of character. Regardless of his daring character in fight, Macbeth is worried by the predictions of the Witches, and his musings stay confounded, both previously, during, and after his homicide of King Duncan. At the point when Duncan declares that he plans the realm to go to his child Malcolm, Macbeth seems disappointed. At the point when he is going to submit the homicide, he experiences horrendous aches of still, small voice. His masculinity is derided and belittled by his significant other. After the homicide, be that as it may, her ground-breaking character starts to deteriorate. Macbeth plots a progression of murders to make sure about his seat, and snapshots of horrendous blame and supreme negativity . He is without a moment's delay too eager to even think about allowing his still, small voice to prevent him from killing his way to the top and too faithful to possibly be content with himself as a killer. Macbeths hubris or inordinate pride is currently his prevailing character quality. The lesson of Macbeth is that an excessive amount of aspiration and hunger for force will prompt your definitive decimation. All through the play, the witchesâ€referred to as the â€Å"weird sisters† by numerous individuals of the charactersâ€lurk like dull contemplations and oblivious compulsions to insidious. To some extent, the fiendishness they cause originates from their heavenly powers, however for the most part it is the consequence of their comprehension of the shortcomings of their particular interlocutorsâ€they play upon Macbeth’s aspiration like puppeteers. The witches’ facial hair, strange elixirs, and rhymed discourse cause them to appear to be somewhat crazy, similar to exaggerations of the heavenly. Shakespeare has them talk in rhyming couplets ,which isolates them from different characters, who generally talk in clear refrain. The witches’ words appear to be practically diverting, as malignant nursery rhymes. Regardless of the ridiculousness of their plans, be that as it may, they are unmistakably the most hazardous characters in the play, being both amazing and totally devilish. The crowd is left to ask whether the witches are free specialists playing with human lives, or operators of destiny, whose predictions are just reports of the inescapable. A portion of their predictions appear to be inevitable. For instance, it is dicey that Macbeth would have killed his ruler without the push given by the witches’ expectations. In different cases, however, their predictions are simply astoundingly exact readings of things to come. The play offers no simple answers. Rather, Shakespeare keeps the witches well outside the restrictions of human perception. They encapsulate an unreasoning, intuitive insidiousness.

Does Marijuana Lead to the Use of Other Drugs

Does Marijuana Lead to the Use of Other Drugs Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print Does Marijuana Lead to the Use of Other Drugs? By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 29, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 26, 2020 Is Marijuana Really a Gateway Drug?. © Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery As more and more states around the U.S. decriminalize marijuanaâ€"also known as cannabisâ€"or approve the drug for medical or recreational use, it raises many questions by scientists. Like, how safe is it? Does it lead to harder drug use? The drug has been in use since ancient times. The earliest recorded use as a drug was 2737 BC in China. The drug made its entry to the New World in 1545 when the Spanish brought it and produced it as a commercial crop to make hemp fibers. In our modern world, many young people who smoke cannabis never progress to using other drugs, but there are some who do. Research shows that the  vast majority of high school students who do use other drugs used cannabis first. Why Do Some People Who Try Cannabis Also Try Other Drugs? The National Institute for Drug Abuse has three theories why some people who use marijuana go on to use other drugs while some do not: When people begin using cannabis while their young brains are still developing, which can be into their early 20s, it can change the reward system of their brains.?? Other drugs may, in turn, become more appealing.Those who use cannabis are more likely to be around others who use and sell other drugs, increasing the temptation to try those drugs.Young people who are at high risk of becoming substance abusers may use cannabis first because it is easier to get than other drugs.?? The same is true for cigarettes and alcohol. Can Someone Really Become Addicted to Marijuana? Is Cannabis a Gateway Drug? This question has circulated around the scientific community for many years. Of the usual gateway drugs, cannabis is mentioned along with the other two major ones, alcohol and tobacco. A three-year study published in 2016 focused on people who began using cannabis before alcohol.?? Researchers found that those who used cannabis experienced a higher incidence of an alcohol use disorder three years later after controlling for variables like psychiatric disorders and other substance use. Similarly, a 2015 study analyzed lifetime cannabis users and concluded that nearly 50% of participants went on to take other illicit drugs.?? Is Weed Really a Gateway Drug? Has Cannabis Become a Problem? For some, smoking cannabis is an occasional habit. For others, it can become a daily ritual that drags a person down. There are ways to tell if someone is addicted to cannabis and if its adversely affecting their lives.

Legend Of Orpheus Comparison - 787 Words

Throughout Opera’s long history, the myth of Orpheus has been one of the genre’s most recognized stories. Many operas have been based on the Greek legend of Orpheus. The legend of Orpheus tells a story of the demigod musician whose songs conquer Hades itself with their beauty. The use of music in the Greek legend serves the same purpose, as music does in operas, to show the power of music, and how it can change emotions, and how intertwined music and love is. This tale of love, a love so strong it can overcome death, shows how true passion can bring music to life. The Operas show that music is able to soften any heart and overcome any obstacle. Out of all the Operas composed based on the Orpheus legend, there are two that stand out the†¦show more content†¦When Benedetto Handel advised Gluck that his works had not pleased the public he traveled to Paris where he was very much influenced by the operas of Jean Philippe Rameau. From 1755 to 1761 he was in Vienna, where he began reforming opera along the more dramatic lines suggested in â€Å"Marcello’s Teatro alla moda.† Gluck composed his piece Orfeo ed Euridice in 1762. In the legend, Orpheus is considered the greatest musician to have ever lived. He was the son of the God Apollo, the god of the son, music, truth and prophecy. According to the story, Orpheus’ wife Euridice was unfortunately bitten by a snake and killed while trying to escape from Aristaeus, a Shepard, who was overcome by her beauty and was pursuing her through the woods. When Orpheus learned of Euridice’s death he was grief stricken and sang, he sang a tune so beautiful it deeply touched everything, living and not living, in all the world and the heavens above. He descended into Hades, and when he played his song, even managed to melt Hades cold heart. He was told that he told take Euridice, but only on one condition, he could not look upon her until they were out of the underworld. As foreshadowed, Orpheus could not resist looking back before they had fully escaped the underworld, and he lost her forever along with meeting his own death soon after. Both operas replace the tragedy of the original myth with something more suiting and cheerful. In L’Orfeo, the opera ends with Orpheus beingShow MoreRelated The Symposium: A Philosophers Guide To Love Essay2101 Words   |  9 Pagesones love for their mate is the value of their life. Comparisons between the fates of Achilles and Orpheus are brought up to emphasize his point. As we learn from the legend of Achilles, a man was rewarded for the value he put on his friends life. Achilles sacrificed his own life in an attempt to obtain revenge for his friend. For this act Achilles was rewarded and seen as a hero. Yet on the opposite side of the spectrum we learn of Orpheus who was punished for his selfishness in that he wouldRead MorePostmodernism in Literature5514 Words   |  23 PagesPostmodernist fiction writers. He is occasionally listed as a Postmodernist though he started writing in the 1920s. The influence of his experiments with metafiction and magical realism was not fully realized until the postmodern period.[2] Comparisons with modernist literature Both modern and postmodern literature represent a break from 19th century realism, in which a story was told from an objective or omniscient point of view. In character development, both modern and postmodern literatureRead MoreAlexander the Great Essay13163 Words   |  53 Pagesand Philip II and according to some legends and oracles Alexander has divine origins: Zeus and Olympias. Alexander was born at Pella in Macedonia in late July of 356 BC, on the same day on which the famous Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was destroyed by fire. His father, Philip II of Macedon, was a brilliant ruler and strategist. His mother was Olympias, princess of Epirus, daughter of King Neoptolemus. Olympias was initiated into the cults of Dionysus and Orpheus. She was often jealous, vindictive

Freedom, Truth, And Truth - 1782 Words

Freedom and Truth are two of the most beautiful yet misunderstood words used in today’s modern era. When one hears the popular saying, â€Å"The truth will set you free,† we are left asking ourselves fundamental questions: What is the truth? How can I attain that truth to be set free? Prevalent to the current trends today, we see that people believe that, in order to achieve truth, and thus freedom, one should establish his or her own law. Having this philosophy commonly leads to human failure for the simple fact that we did not create ourselves; we have a creator, a master, God, who established the moral law. In the Catechism of the Catholic Church, one can see that, â€Å"The moral law presupposes the rational order, established among creatures for their good and to serve their final end, by the power, wisdom, and goodness of the Creator. All law finds its first and ultimate truth in the eternal law.† Therefore, it is our duty to understand how freedom, truth, and the teachings of Christ will take us on an extraordinary journey to conquer our natural end and attain both truth and freedom. We must start by asking ourselves: what is freedom? According to the definition in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, freedom is â€Å"the quality or state of being free as the liberation from the power of another: independence.† Because of this broad definition, we are left astray, and we dig deeper into what true freedom means. The Catholic Christian perspective as stated in the Catechism of theShow MoreRelatedThe Freedom Of Opinion : The Truth, Or ( B ) False1878 Words   |  8 Pagese opinion was: (a) the truth, or (b) false. In either case, humanity suffers because it is something that could have been prevented if all opinions were deemed of value. (Mill, On Liberty, p. 31). If the opinion turned out to be true, the current generation, as well as future generations, are thereby deprived of authenticity. Individuals who decide to censor the op inions of others have no authority to do so. Humans are fallible by nature, therefore, cannot assume that â€Å"their certainty is the sameRead MoreLeadership: Equality, Justice, Truth, and Freedom Essay examples1064 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership: Equality, Justice, Truth, and Freedom | Busi 472- Organizational Ethics | | Katherine Carpenter | 10/3/2011 | Abstract | In this paper the reader will read about leadership. The basis for this paper is from a quote by Clarence Walton, â€Å"Leadership, an ill-defined word, comes from understanding and respecting four crucial ideas: equality, justice, truth, and freedom,† (Hosmer, 2011). This paper will illustrate the importance of the four ideas to leadership. Read MoreThe Forest as a Place of Truth and Freedom in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter748 Words   |  3 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s novel, The Scarlet Letter, represents an array of personas. Both rumors and scandal surround the forest, causing a biased view of this secluded location within the Puritan community. Yet, Hawthorne designates the forest as a place of truth, independence, and joy to those with secrets. Boston’s Puritan society of the mid 1600’s feared the near-bye forest. Believing that â€Å"the black man that haunts the forest† (71) and that the witches who do the devil’s work there, the townspeople areRead MoreTransgression Of The Truth By Ayn Rand s Anthem, And The Freedom Of Individual Thought1059 Words   |  5 PagesTransgression of the Truth Self is a person’s identity, character, and personality. Self differentiates a person from a population by creating the individual through soul, spirit, and state of mind. Self is the basis of humanity. In Ayn Rand’s Anthem, by the laws of a government based on bettering your brothers (21), the concept of solitude is closely related to ego; an idea so horrid the word is declared unspeakable (49, 105), and the freedom of individual thought is denied (22). Rand traps herRead MoreOedipus Freedom Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesOedipus Rex freely searched for his truth and not forced by fate to act on upon it: Oedipus did have one freedom: he was free to find out or not find out the truth. . . One freedom has allowed him: the freedom to search for the truth, the truth about the prophecies, about the gods, about himself. And of this freedom he makes full use. Against the advice and appeals of others, he pushes on, searching for the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. . . This freedom to search, and the heroic wasRead MoreCore Issues in Ethics and Honesty1659 Words   |  7 Pages I believe in honesty. Webster’s Dictionary says that the definition of honesty is freedom from deceit or fraud. I believe that being honest all the time will never require you to lie. Honesty shows that you are genuine and transparent in your actions. I believe when speaking the truth you will never be â€Å"caught in a lie†. When you are an honest person, people trust you and when people trust you, you earn others respect. I believe that if you are honest you will be a much happier person and you willRead MoreSlaves Narratives: Frederick Douglass, Olaudah Equiano Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesSojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, and Olaudah Equiano all have extremely interesting slave narratives. During their lives, they faced plenty of racist discrimination and troubling moments. They were all forced into slavery at an awfully young age and they all had to fight for their freedom. In 1797, Truth was born into slavery in New York with the name of Isabella Van Wagene r. She was a slave for most of her life and eventually got emancipated. Truth was an immense women’s suffrage activist. SheRead More2.1 The Birth Of Free Speech . It Is Difficult To Pinpoint1267 Words   |  6 Pages2.1 THE BIRTH OF FREE SPEECH It is difficult to pinpoint the exact time or year in which the concept of free speech emerged. It has been argued over and debated since the time of ancient Greeks, freedom of speech has always been an indispensable condition of what it means to be a free person. The first known martyr to the principle of free speech was Socrates. In 399BC before his jury to city state of Athens he was tried for corruption the morals of Greek youth and he said that he would ratherRead MoreFreedom Of Speech By George Orwell1487 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Bill of Rights of which the first amendment is the freedom of speech. This freedom of speech is the most essential part of American freedom. Without freedom of speech, the government would be able to control the flow of ideas and society itself would stagnate. Freedom of speech is the way in which ideas can progress and evolve. Even though some ideas do not hold any informational merit, they are still essential to the foundations of freedom of speech. A wrong idea will lead to the discovery ofRead More1984 Doublethink Essay885 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"War is peace, Freedom is slavery, Ignorance is strength,† (Orwell 26). In George Orwell’s book, 1984, the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in mind and being forced to accept them, is â€Å"doublethink†. The government of Oceania, also called the Party, uses psychological operant conditioning to brainwash their citizens to keep control over them. The truth can only be proven by consensus of majority meaning if millions believe it , they too should believe it. The act of thinking freely is considered

K-12 Program Free Essays

Parents, Mentors, and Other Advocates As adolescents go through high school, they learn to take on more initiative, responsibility and independence. Parents and adults know that, in spite of their evolving maturity, many teenagers need support and encouragement as they begin take the initiative, act responsibly, and grow in their independence. Parents and mentors of youth with disabilities have unique opportunities to promote their successful transition to postsecondary education, employment, and full participation in adult activities. We will write a custom essay sample on K-12 Program or any similar topic only for you Order Now Families and mentors need to step in and assist in he transition process by providing adolescents direction in their exploration of interests, guidance in career and college planning, and encouragement and support. Employment Issues The number of students with disabilities entering and completing postsecondary education has increased dramatically in the last decade, yet people with disabilities are still underrepresented in the employment arena. Barriers to employment include lack of adequate support systems; little access to successful role models; lack of access to technology that can increase independence and productivity; and, most ignificantly, low expectations on the part of people with whom they interact. High school students may think they have plenty of time to decide on their career paths and acquire the skills they will need to market themselves successfully. They may also believe that completing a college or Job training program will guarantee them a Job. This is not true in every situation. Students with disabilities face unique challenges as they transition to employment. Like other students, they need to find a way to meet the specific qualifications of a desired Job as well as demonstrate transferable skills such as communication, roubleshooting, decision making, leadership, and problem solving. Unlike other students, they must be aware of accommodation strategies for specific situations and also know how to appropriately disclose and discuss their disabilities as they relate to the performance of specific Job tasks. Work-based learning experiences allow students to develop methods for determining accommodations and practice disclosing and discussing their disabilities. Career planning and preparation should begin upon entering high school and occur throughout postsecondary studies. They do not need to settle on one area to pursue ight away, and they can change directions as they learn more about themselves and career options. They need to prepare for the long run-for a lifelong career or multiple careers. In today’s competitive Job market it is essential that students possess skills and way students can start narrowing career interests and developing Job skills is through work-based learning experiences. Why should students with disabilities participate in work-based learning? Through the interaction of study and work experience, students can enhance their academic knowledge, personal development, and professional preparation. Specifically, work-based learning opportunities can help a student apply practical theories from classroom work, clarify academic and career interests, develop human relations skills through interaction with co-workers, develop Job- search skills, develop resumes and cover letters, earn academic credit, gain contacts for employment after graduation, gain exposure to specialized facilities not available on campus, identify career assistance programs, and pay for your education. For students with disabilities, work-based learning offers additional benefits. Participating in work experience can give them chances to determine if they can erform the essential functions of particular Jobs with or without accommodations. In a Job setting, students can also practice disclosing their disabilities and requesting accommodations from employers. In addition, they can test which accommodations work best for them. These experiences help students with disabilities develop the confidence and self-advocacy skills needed for success in challenging careers. What are examples of work-based learning experiences? Below are descriptions of typical activities and services offered at many high schools: Cooperative Education Cooperative education programs work with students, school staff, and employers to help students clarify career and academic goals, and expand classroom study by participating in paid work experiences. Students work in trainee positions in fields of interest and may also earn academic credit. Independent Study Some academic programs allow independent studies as an optional program component. Students work one-on-one with individual teachers to develop projects for credit. Projects can range from research papers to work experience within their field of interest. Informational Interview Informational interviews help students gain personal insight into specific careers ask questions about occupations, Job duties, education requirements, qualifications, and companies. Internship An internship is a time-limited, intensive learning experience outside the traditional classroom. Students work in a supervised learning situation, paid or non-paid, with an employer doing planned learning activities. Interns learn about occupational fields and specific Job tasks, while developing work-readiness. Job Shadowing Job shadowing provides students with a realistic view of one or more occupations. Students visit a business to observe the everyday functions of their occupational area of interest. Experiences may vary in time from one hour to a full day. Service Learning In service learning experiences students provide community service in non-paid, volunteer positions. These programs increase the relevancy of academic learning by giving students opportunities to apply knowledge and skills while making meaningful contributions. Students with service learning requirements should pursue opportunities related to their career interests. Providing Support Parents, family members, and mentors can help young people become self- determined and access career preparation resources. They can empower them and reinforce their plans for success. Here are some ways to provide support: Help students identify their vocational strengths and interests – look at hobbies, pastimes, etc. Educate yourself about adaptive technology, accommodations, and employment issues. Talk to students about self-advocacy, determining appropriate accommodations, and disclosing their disabilities. Encourage students to develop personal networks of family members, friends, and community contacts to open up pportunities for work-based learning. Parents and guardians should involve themselves in the Individual Education Plans (IEP) of their children and make sure employment-preparation activities are included. Learn about available adult services and start preparing students for the transition to independent adulthood. Assist students in accessing local support networks and disability services organizations, such as the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation, which may be able to provide career preparation, Job placement, and referrals to community programs. Encourage tudents to visit the counseling, advising, or career center at their high schools. They may provide a variety of career preparation and Job search services. Students can develop career plans and Job search skills through individual counseling and workshops. Investigate School-to-Work programs, such as Tech Prep and High School/ beginning early in high school. Some Tech Prep courses may be articulated with coursework at local community colleges. Contact your State Governor’s Committee on Employment of with Disabilities for information about High School/High Tech, a artnership that combines site tours, Job shadowing, internships, and mentoring to encourage students with disabilities to pursue careers in the technology industry. How to cite K-12 Program, Papers

The Decline of American Labor Unions History and Future Trends Essay Sample free essay sample

For many workers today. the being of a labour brotherhood is a given fact of life. It was barely a given. nevertheless. in the first century of the United States. The right to form is a bitterly fought conflict that goes on even today. Ultimately. it was the industrial revolution that made brotherhoods necessary. In the old ages since. Americans have become used to a great many workplace rights that would hold been unheard of in past centuries. Commercial involvements. with the aid of the U. S. authorities. have been able to establish a conjunct. decades-long. anti-union run. The unions themselves have been infiltrated by corruptness. Besides. a quickly altering economic system has. in some instances. left the brotherhoods behind. Because of these factors. the power of labour brotherhoods in the United States has stagnated or. in some instances. waned. There is an built-in hazard that a deficiency of brotherhood power will interpret into a deficiency of worker power. We will write a custom essay sample on The Decline of American Labor Unions: History and Future Trends Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hard-won additions in labour rights and Torahs could withdraw. Globalization of economic systems and outsourcing of occupations. in peculiar. supply important hazards to the brotherhood construction. Unions are as important now as they were in the 19th century. Twenty-first century brotherhoods must be able to set to both a quickly altering economic system and a quickly altering demographic base. As in concern. originative and flexible thought will be critical. The good intelligence is that the same factors that threaten brotherhoods today can besides be used to guarantee their hereafter effectivity. Union History The modern American labour brotherhood has its roots in the European club system. Prior to the American Colonial period. skilled craftsmans and shopkeepers in Europe were organized into clubs. Because the huge bulk of workers were still agricultural. the clubs carried small political influence at the clip. They did. nevertheless. supply a templet for ulterior organisation in the industrial age. The early American labour force was a alone blend of subsistence husbandmans. apprenticed retainers. slaves. skilled craftsmen and their learners. The of all time increasing labour supply created by in-migration and bondage held down any significant labour motion until good into the 1800’s. Laws enacted prior to the Revolution. and in the first century of the new state. were strongly focused on the rights of employers. Although labour was neer organized on a big graduated table in the colonial period. the first modest efforts were undertaken. In 1648. a club of Boston cobblers was formed. In 1765. a on the job women’s society. called the Daughters of Liberty was formed. A twelvemonth subsequently. there was an rebellion of husbandmans at Green Mountain. The husbandmans were angry about their deficiency of political power compared to the New England affluent elites. The critical function played by the common citizen in the Revolution planted the seeds for a ulterior revolution of the common labourer. The mean individual was now more vested in the development of the new state than they had of all time been in feudal Europe. That perceptual experience was reflected in the high ideals of equality written into the U. S. Constitution. At the same clip. western society was already get downing a great passage. Rapid progresss in engineering created a commercial and cultural revolution. The emerging industrialisation would finally besides prompt the outgrowth of powerful labour brotherhoods. but the procedure was anything but instantaneous. The rise of the American fabric industry in the early 1800’s prompted the creative activity of sweatshops. peculiarly in immigrant-heavy eastern metropoliss. Exploitation of workers went more or less undisputed. One such factory. established by Samuel Slater in Rhode Island during the 1790’s employed a staff dwelling wholly of kids under the age of 12. This was more frequently the regulation instead than the exclusion to the regulation. In add-on. there were no workplace safety Torahs or Torahs restricting how much the kids could work. Continuing progresss in mechanisation created a monolithic figure of low-paying. low-skill occupations. Immigrants were to a great extent recruited to come to the United States to work in the mills. Often they were lured by overdone promises and were exploited from the minute they arrived on shore. The economic rule of individualistic took on new significance in a new industrial economic system. The proprietors of concerns wanted to maintain ordinance out of the concern universe at all costs. Despite this opposition. organisations such as The Knights of Labor. the International Workers of the World. the AFL and the CIO were established. The Depression of 1873 allowed for farther progresss in unionism and labour jurisprudence in much the same manner as the Great Depression would motivate similar alterations. The procedure was non a smooth one. Unions were bitterly opposed. Labor differences could break out into force at any clip. Workers trying to form were frequently infiltrated by direction. organized offense or both. Owners employed unjust and sometimes barbarous tactics to keep the position quo. The development did non travel unnoticed. nevertheless. In 1912. Massachusetts passed a jurisprudence cut downing the legal workweek from 56 to 54 hours per hebdomad. This little grant was difficult won. Relief turned to choler. nevertheless. when the workers realized that this would really ensue in a cut in wage. A work stoppage was called. That twelvemonth. an facile Italian author named Arturo Giovannetti came to the United States to back up the attempts of the strikers. Within yearss of his reaching. Arturo was jailed on the extremely questionable charge of motivating slaying. Authorities were leery of Arturo’s rank in the Italian Socialist Federation. None the less. word of his instance leaked out and became known worldwide. Protests were held on his behalf in a figure of states. This instance highlighted for the universe that image and world do non ever agree. As Arturo put it. he was â€Å"raised to believe that America was a better and freer land than my own† ( Watson. 2005. p. 217 ) . The events in Massachusetts and many other countries painted a contrary image. The coevalss of immigrants that followed would be less swearing and more active in guaranting their ain public assistance. The new industrialisation gave rise to a new strain of philosophers. Among this group was Karl Marx ( 1818-1883 ) . Marx saw built-in defects in an unrestrained capitalist system. A few elites commanding a big figure of workers is a state of affairs that can non last. Marx claimed that â€Å"What the middle class therefore produces. above all. are its ain grave diggers. Its autumn and the triumph of the labor are every bit inevitable ( Marx. 1848 ) . Additionally. the nature of industrial work leads to an disaffection that will finally trip action. The bulk will take over with the purpose of organizing a more classless. less exploitatory system. The theories of Marx prompted and permeated early labour motions in the United States. The 1919 rise of the Bolsheviks in the freshly created Soviet Union gave extra drift to the labour motion. Some of these motions openly advocated a complete displacement to communism. Others used Marxian thoughts to form workers to recommend for alterations on a smaller graduated table. â€Å"The majority of labor† . harmonizing to Hobsbawm. â€Å"drifted from what ideologists called ‘individualism’ towards ‘collectivism’ in small jets and eddies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( 1999. p. 17 ) . Labor motions became more active in the late 1800’s. sometimes with violent effects. â€Å"The turning multitudes of the laboring classes joined†¦in agitations for betterments and change† ( Hobsbawm. 1999. p. 108 ) . A work stoppage by mineworkers in the town of Matewan. West Virginia led to force on both sides. Management employed barbarous tactics to interrupt the work stoppage. Meanwhile. strikers attacked replacement workers. After several were killed. the armed forces was called in to reconstruct order. Another violent event occurred in West Virginia in 1920. local workers. including 10. 000 coal mineworkers conducted an armed assault on direction at Blair Mountain. The mineworkers were supported by the Industrial Workers of the World. one of the largest brotherhoods of the clip. Again. the armed forces was called in to reconstruct order and interrupt the work stoppage. Since 1877. province and federal military personnels have intervened in work stoppages at least 160 times. At least 700 people have been killed in American labour differences ( Sexton. 1992. p. 13 ) . Another trouble in the formation of brotherhoods was the disenfranchisement of new immigrants. Often. these immigrants were non given equal legal position. The same state of affairs applied to late liberate slaves. As a consequence. merely a fraction of these workers in certain countries could be unionized. The early success of brotherhoods was closely related to downswings in the overall economic system. Economic recessions in the late 1800’s spurred brotherhood activism. The figure of members increased. and the brotherhoods garnered more political power. The same phenomenon held true throughout the 20Thursdaycentury. Timess of insecurity. such as during the Great Depression. drove more workers toward brotherhoods. In some instances it besides drove workers toward more extremist political orientations. Eric Hobsbawm. inIndustry and Empire: The Birth of the Industrial Revolution.writes: â€Å"The epoch of the Great Depression was besides the epoch of the outgrowth of mass socialist ( that is chiefly Marxist ) working category parties all over Europe† . ( 1999. p. 108 ) . Faced with a authorization to set about huge societal alteration. depression-era President Franklin Delano Roosevelt instituted an unprecedented authorities intercession. In the inundation of new statute law. labour Torahs sing minimal pay. just hiring and a sawed-off work hebdomad were passed. The political force per unit area created by the Depression stifled anti-labor resistance. The Great Depression was a world-wide event and. to a certain extent. so was the rise of political leftism. Socialist idea has a tradition in America. Revolutionary-era minds such as Diplomat Joel Barlow saw the dangers of capitalist economy with no restraints. Leftist thoughts. nevertheless. would derive greater credence in Europe than they of all time would in America. In the United States. in fact. socialism would trip a recoil that would finally endanger the being of the brotherhoods themselves. Recent and Present Union Concerns Labor brotherhoods reached their extremum of power in the mid-20Thursdaycentury. Since that point. several forces have combined to gnaw brotherhood influence. The fright of communism that eroded the brotherhoods in the 2nd half of the 20Thursdaycentury still has branchings. Those opposed to brotherhoods can still utilize time-worn communistic names to smear brotherhood attempts in public. Besides. since World War Two. terrible economic downswings have been brief. Anti-union forces have used this clip of prosperity to gnaw public support. deter brotherhood rank and elite anti-union representatives. A brief exclusion occurred during the civil rights motion of the sixtiess when employment equity once more became a major national issue. A major measure back for the labour motion was represented by transition of the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947. a measure which passed despite a presidential veto. Taft-Hartley established a Labor Board. outlawed the closed store and gave corporations new powers to interfere with brotherhood activities. The measure came on the heels of several successful work stoppages and at the beginning of the 2nd â€Å"Red Scare† . As Peter Gilmore puts it â€Å"Taft-Hartley has been labor’s ball and concatenation of all time since† ( 2005 ) . Given those restraints. the brotherhoods struggle to transport out a figure of responsibilities. The concerns of the modern labour brotherhood in the United States may be loosely classified into four chief countries. First. brotherhoods may supply certain benefits to members. Specialized preparation may be offered. Family support services. societal maps. guidance and legal aid may besides be available. Second. brotherhoods engage in corporate bargaining on behalf of employees. This was a hard-won right. but it is besides one that is extremely regulated by federal jurisprudence. In the yesteryear. work stoppages and lockouts over this issue have eroded pubic support for the brotherhoods. peculiarly when the work stoppages affect clients in an immediate manner. Throughout the history of the brotherhoods. dislocations in corporate bargaining dialogues have led to violent confrontations. That hazard is still present today. Violent work stoppages may finally be necessary for the brotherhood to accomplish its ends. Wining the conflict may intend losing the war. nevertheless. The American populace today has small forbearance for force. and is merely every bit likely to fault the brotherhood as it is to fault direction. Politicians sense this. and may prehend the chance to go through anti-union statute law. Third. brotherhoods help guarantee that workplace ordinances are being followed. An employee who feels that OSHA ordinances are being violated. for illustration. may be represented by the brotherhood in his effort to rectify the state of affairs. Fair engaging and firing issues are besides addressed by brotherhoods. One country in which there has been terrible unfavorable judgment is in instructors brotherhoods. Anti-union forces have perpetuated the thought that. because of brotherhoods. it is about impossible to fire a bad instructor. The extent to which this is true is questionable but brotherhoods clearly have been losing the public dealingss war in recent old ages. Finally. the brotherhood may prosecute in political activity such as buttonholing representatives or backing campaigners. The indorsements of the big. national brotherhoods are peculiarly coveted. Although big brotherhoods tend to tilt toward the Democratic Party. there are many exclusions to this regulation. For illustration. the brotherhood stand foring air traffic accountants supported Republican Governor Ronald Reagan in his tally for the Presidency. The grade to which these indorsements really gain favourable political intervention for brotherhood involvements is non ever certain. nevertheless. After Reagan’s election. the air traffic accountants attempted to travel on work stoppage. Reagan refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the work stoppage and quickly fired the dramatic air traffic accountants. Disagreements within the brotherhood construction are besides taking to an eroding of power. In 2005. the AFL-CIO lost more than three million members when several member brotherhoods left the organisation. An functionary from the SEIU. one of the departing organisations. said that the AFL-CIO â€Å"devotes excessively much of its resources to political lobbying and the cardinal office† ( Bearman. 2005 ) . Episodes such as these have had a gradual erosion consequence on brotherhoods. Cynicism about politically active brotherhoods has driven some off. The fright is that the brotherhood may be utilizing its dues to derive political influence. alternatively of concentrating on the single demands of the workers who pay those dues. In going a political entity. the brotherhood besides may be taking places that do non efficaciously represent the positions of all the workers. In recent old ages. the United States has seen a dramatic addition in the figure of nonnative workers. This includes those who are lasting citizens. undocumented and those who hold visa. This. combined with globalisation. is a tendency that brings both concerns and possibilities to organized labour. Harmonizing to the U. S. Census Bureau. 14 % of the non-military work force is comprised of nonnative persons. Many of the new immigrants work in sectors that have already been extremely nonionized. The figure of nonnative brotherhood members has increased aggressively. from 1. 4. million in 1996 to 1. 8 million in 2003. At the same clip. the overall per centums of both foreign and native workers fall ining brotherhoods has really fallen ( Grieco. 2004 ) . In the Information Age. a tendency toward globalisation has occurred. While concerns have found a manner to do this profitable. the power of brotherhoods has been diluted. Free trade understandings have resulted in occupations being relocated to non-union countries. At the same clip. nonionized concern in the United States have been forced to vie with offshore companies runing with much lower operating expense. Globalization has besides resulted in a much larger labour pool. Many U. S. companies are engaging non-union foreign workers who so relocate in the United States. In some instances. these workers are really buttonholing to forestall transition of Torahs curtailing the hiring of foreign workers. 1. 5 million Indian exiles are now represented on Capitol Hill by the India Caucus. a group that systematically opposes any such statute law ( Scroeder. 2007 ) . While foreign workers typically enter to take lower-level occupations. many other occupations are being outsourced. Businesss wishing to avoid American labour Torahs and pay constructions are progressively enrolling workers in other states. In this instance. the worker does non come to America. Alternatively. the occupation is moved to the worker’s state. Making this has allowed concerns to use low paid. non-union workers. This tendency is debatable for the hereafter of brotherhoods within the United States. Harmonizing to Michael Schroeder ofThe Wall Street Journal Online. â€Å"†¦several million U. S. occupations are expected to travel offshore in the following 12 years†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( 2007 ) . To day of the month. there are few limitations on outsourcing. Labor brotherhoods along with some province authoritiess are taking action to barricade outsourcing. Several provinces are working on statute law to barricade or restrict the outsourcing of occupations. The loss of 1000000s of occupations could hold a annihilating consequence on brotherhoods and the economic system as a whole. Harmonizing to Thea Lee. adjunct manager of the AFL-CIO international economic sciences section ; â€Å"The logical extension is that you will see monolithic eroding of life criterions of a large ball of the U. S. in-between class† ( Schroeder. 2007 ) . American workers. faced with ever-higher labour market competition will be forced to accommodate. Reeducation is an of import portion of that version. Since many workers can non afford quality instruction. brotherhoods go even more of import. They can potentially supply instruction services themselves. or guarantee that they are negotiated into employee contracts. Some groups. nevertheless. still do non hold entree to these types of services. The groups most affected by decreasing brotherhood strength are minorities. For many. the brotherhood is a hedge against unjust engaging patterns or workplace favoritism. Recent migrators may be incognizant of employment jurisprudence and unfamiliar with the procedure of forming. With a smaller societal support web in this state. it is peculiarly hard for migrators to take on the organisational procedure. Illegal migrators are peculiarly vulnerable to development. For concerns. they are a extremely profitable manner of avoiding both employment jurisprudence. including the lower limit pay and safety Torahs. and the influence of the brotherhoods. Illegals have small legal standing to dispute their intervention. There are ongoing efforts to form concerns using a big figure of undocumented migrators. but they have non met with a great trade of success. The comparatively unfastened boundary lines and visa policies of the United States allow concerns a steady watercourse of new employees. These employees are so. in consequence. viing on an unjust playing field with nonionized workers. As a consequence. difficult won brotherhood power to negociate better conditions for the workers is lost. The effects are felt most by lower paid workers who. because of competition in the labour market. are unable to better their state of affairs. These economic and societal forces have allowed for a conjunct onslaught on the construct of the â€Å"welfare state† . At the same clip. a cultural recoil against the â€Å"welfare state† created by Franklin Delano Roosevelt both endangers the hereafter of labour brotherhoods and makes them all the more necessary. The Future of the Labor Union Labor brotherhoods have had a dramatic impact on the lives of working work forces and adult females. They have non merely changed for the better the manner concern is done. they besides are responsible for many of the labour Torahs we take for granted today. In a capitalistic society. powerful forces will ever be opposed to brotherhoods. nevertheless. Robert Shogan writes â€Å"in the 21stcentury†¦labors leaders are still on the defensive. combating to prevent farther losingss of political power† ( 2004. p. 226 ) . At the beginning of the 21stcentury. labour brotherhoods have reached a hamlets in their development. Continual efforts to marginalise them hold had some success. The new economic system of the Information Age has. in some ways. left the brotherhoods behind. Dramatic stairss must be taken to avoid brotherhood disenfranchisement and a recession in the rights of workers. In their on the job paperTraveling Different Ways: Unionism in the U. S. and Other Advanced O. E. C. D. Countries.writers Blanchflower and Freeman recommend that: U. S. brotherhoods must do major inventions in their tactics and policies to recover a place of strength in the private sector and that the state will hold to develop new industrial dealingss institutions†¦ ( 1990. p. 1 ) Internationally. the rate of brotherhood engagement and the nature of those brotherhoods vary. In 1990 about 95 % of workers in Sweden and Denmark were nonionized. In the U. K. . Australia and Ireland the rate is about 50 % . In Germany. the rate of engagement is over 40 % . By contrast. engagement in the United States peaked at 36 % in the 1950s. Since so. engagement has bit by bit dropped to about 13 per centum ( Sexton. 1992 ) . Growth in brotherhoods worldwide is non unvarying. The political clime and the economic systems of the single states play important functions in brotherhood development. or the deficiency thereof. In England. for illustration â€Å"†¦much tougher competition and a lifting unemployment created a concern clime in which. by and large. and trade brotherhoods in peculiar were weakened† ( Hobsbawm. 1999. p. 312 ) . This development is peculiarly important in visible radiation of the fact that England had the first â€Å"Labour† dominated authorities. The rise of the rival party led by Margaret Thatcher in the 1980’s and a comparatively strong economic system fostered an eroding in brotherhood power. America. nevertheless. faces a unique job because of its really high rates of new migrators. To this point. the migrators have been a powerful arm for concern proprietors to utilize against brotherhoods. Alternatively of a apparently hopeless attempt to curtail migrators. which alienates possible members. the brotherhoods should encompass them and beef up their attempts to form. A recent study issued by the Migration Policy Institute concluded that: Given the continued growing of the nonnative population. additions in brotherhood engagement by immigrants could be of import for the future growing of the labour motion in the United States. ( Grieco. 2004 ) Once the brotherhood establishes itself as an effectual and trusty organisation for new migrators consecutive moving ridges of migrators will fall in. thereby increasing the power of brotherhoods. The modern brotherhood faces the same opposing forces it did 150 old ages ago. It can non rest on the achievements of the yesteryear. It must accommodate to the worlds of the 21stcentury. Analysis and Decision Harmonizing to Lynda Chavez. â€Å"Big labour has become a dinosaur in the U. S. economic system ( 2004. p. 269 ) . The sheer size of brotherhoods. a mark of its 20Thursdaycentury success. may now be working against the motion. The current brotherhood construction has been described as inactive. bossy and massive. Alternatively of contending the forces that drive the U. S. economic system today. the brotherhoods need to happen a manner to set to them. Out of possible catastrophe comes chance. When the SEIU and Teamsters split from the AFL-CIO. some feared a continued eroding of power. Others disagree. nevertheless. Some believe that the split could make much needed competition among the brotherhoods which will finally better serve the members. Along those lines. brotherhoods of the 21stcentury must follow a more flexible attack. Some workplace enterprises. such as the establishment of â€Å"flex time† have been resisted by brotherhoods despite the support of a bulk of its members. The brotherhoods must acknowledge what most concerns already have. There is no longer a â€Å"typical† employee. Workers come from a broad assortment of backgrounds and have a broad assortment of demands. Smaller. industry-specific brotherhoods can more expeditiously cover with these demands and give the single worker a voice within the brotherhood. Corruptness has had lay waste toing effects on brotherhoods. A outstanding image still exists of a Mafia dominated brotherhood. extorting politicians and pull stringsing members. This yesteryear has led to greater intuition of politically active brotherhoods today. A successful brotherhood of the hereafter must further a more crystalline environment. Stairss must be taken to to the full inform members of their rights and what. specifically. the brotherhood is passing money on. Political action must be to the full approved by members. Many brotherhood members today are non even cognizant of the political activity undertaken by the brotherhood. Seventy eight per centum of workers. harmonizing to a Luntz research study. did non recognize that the part of their dues spent on â€Å"political and non-contract related services† was. in fact. refundable. To forestall fiscal evildoings. more inadvertence is needed. Ideally. this inadvertence should come from the authorities or other independent bureau. Persons responsible for misdirection must be sanctioned and charged reprehensively. when appropriate. Chavez suggests that authorities should â€Å"†¦mandate annually. independent audits of brotherhood fundss ( p. 230 ) The eroding of brotherhood power is attributable. in add-on to economic and societal factors. to a misgiving that has festered over the last half of the 20Thursdaycentury. Robert Shogan writes: Many of our workplaces are engendering turning dissatisfaction and insecurity. our economic system is bring forthing increasing inequality and the labour Torahs put into topographic point in the 1930s †¦are no longer working good. ( 2004. p. 227 ) In this context Shogan regards the endurance of brotherhoods as a national security issue. If brotherhoods lose the power to forestall development. people will finally be motivated to extreme. even violent. actions. History has shown us that capitalist economy plants. The United States has risen. in a breathtakingly short clip. to go the world’s preeminent economic power. History has besides shown. nevertheless. that some of the thoughts of Marx were right. Unrestrained capitalist economy leads to an indefensible state of affairs for the workers responsible for its success. Capitalism can non prolong itself unless there is a strong modifying force to modulate it. The authorities has a function in making this. but it will ever be beholden to the captains of industry. For over a century. brotherhoods have been that modulating force that has finally made the economic system more productive. and raised the overall criterion of life in the United States. They have been peculiarly of import for minorities. who have frequently faced institutional favoritism and development. Beginnings Bearman. Katie. 2005. â€Å"Groups split from brotherhood. prompt changes† .The Stanford Daily Online.Accessed 23 Apr. 2007 from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //daily. Stanford. edu/article/2005/7/28/groupsSplitFromUnionPromptChanges gt ; . Blanchflower. David G. and Freeman. Richard. B. 1990. â€Å"Going Different Wayss: Unionism in the U. S. and Other Advanced O. E. C. D. Countries† .NBER Working Paper. No. 3342. Apr. Chavez. Linda. 2004.Betrayal† how brotherhood foremans shake down their members and corrupt American political relations. New York: Crown Forum. Gilmore. Peter. 2005. â€Å"Taft-Hartley: A Worker’s Nightmare† .Labor Party Press[ online ] . Accessed 22 Apr. 2007 from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //lpa. igc. org/lpv26/lp05. htm gt ; . Grieco. Elizabeth. 2004 â€Å"Immigrant Union Members: Drumhead and Trends† .Migration Policy Institute[ online ] . May 2004. No. 7. Accessed 23 Apr. 2007 from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. migrationpolicy. org/pubs/fact_sheet. pnp gt ; . Hobsbawm. Eric. 1999.Industry and Empire: the birth of the Industrial Revolution.New York: The New Press. Marx. Karl. And Engels. F. 1848.The Communist Manifesto.Accessed 23 Apr. 2007 from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Marxists. org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index. htm gt ; . Scroeder. Michael. 2004. â€Å"Unions and States Aspire to Block Outsourcing† .The Wall Street Journal Online.Accessed 23 Apr. 2007 from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. careerjournal. com/salaryhiring/hotissues/20030612-schroeder. hypertext markup language gt ; . Shogan. Robert. 2004.The Battle of Blair Mountain: the narrative of America’s largest labour rebellion.Boulder. Carbon monoxide: Perseus Books. Watson. Bruce. 2005.Bread and Roses: Millss. migrators and the battle for the American dream.New York: Viking Books.